鹧鸪词
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唐代]：李益
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湘江斑竹枝，锦翅鹧鸪飞。
处处湘云合，郎从何处归？
鹧鸪词鉴赏
这是一首乐府诗，郭茂倩《乐府诗集》卷八十《近代曲辞》收录《鹧鸪词》三首，有李益的这首和李涉的两首。李涉诗云：“湘江烟水深，沙岸隔枫林。何处鹧鸪飞，日斜斑竹阴。二女虚垂泪，三闾枉自沉。惟有鹧鸪鸟，独伤行客心。”李益与李涉在诗中都用了湘江、斑竹、鹧鸪等形象来烘托气氛，为所要表现的主题服务。可见《鹧鸪词》在内容上均是表现愁苦之情的，而且都须用“鹧鸪”的飞鸣来托物起兴。也就是说，《鹧鸪词》中少不了鹧鸪，此外鹧鸪在诗中还有切题、破题的作用。
两首诗不同之点是：李涉的《鹧鸪词》由怀古兼及游子行客之情。他充分运用联想：看到湘江水深，想到屈原的沉江自杀；看到斑竹阴阴，想到舜之二妃娥皇、女英的故事；听到鹧鸪的啼叫，触动自己羁旅的愁怀。所抒之情，并非集中于一点，而是泛咏愁情。李益的《鹧鸪词》，写一位女子对远方情郎的思念，抒情较强烈，也更集中。
李益诗中的主人公是一位生活在湘江一带的女子。诗的开头写她怀远的愁情，不是用直陈其事的方法来正面描写，而是用“兴”的手法烘托和渲染，使愁情表现得更加含蓄而有韵致。
如前两句都是用兴的手法。首句“湘江斑竹枝”又兼用典。舜之二妃娥皇、女英，为舜南巡而死，泪下沾竹。这种染上斑斑泪痕的竹子，称为“湘妃竹”，又称“斑竹”。诗中人看到湘江两岸的斑竹，自然会想到这个优美而动人的爱情传说，连类而及，勾起自己怀念情郎的愁绪。正在这时，诗中人又看到引动她愁绪的另一景物，那长着锦色羽毛的鹧鸪，振翅而飞，且飞且鸣，其声凄清愁苦，听到鹧鸪的啼叫，更加重了她的愁绪。鹧鸪喜欢相对而啼，俗谓其鸣曰“行不得也哥哥”。大凡游子、思妇，都怕听鹧鸪的啼叫。看到听到鹧鸪的飞鸣，自然会使这位思妇的愁怀，一发而不可收了。
接着诗句自然地过渡到“处处湘云合”一句，以笼罩在湘江之上的阴云，来比喻女主人公郁闷的心情。以阴云喻愁怀，这是古典诗歌中常见的艺术手法。《文镜秘府论·地·六志》引《赠别诗》曰：“离情弦上急，别曲雁边嘶，低云百种郁，垂露千行啼。”释曰：“……上见低云之郁，托愁气以合词。”《鹧鸪词》的“处处湘云合”，既是对实景的描写，又巧妙地比喻女子愁闷的心情。
诗的前三句，诗人用湘江、湘云、斑竹、鹧鸪这些景物构造出一幅有静有动的图面，把气氛烘托、渲染得相当浓烈，末句突然一转，向苍天发出“郎从何处归”的问语，使诗情显得跌宕多姿而不呆板。它写出了主人公的无可奈何的心情，我们仿佛看到她伫立湘江岸边翘首凝望的身影，感觉到她盼郎归来的急切心情，人物与周围的环境达到和谐一致，绘出了一幅湘江女子怀远图来。
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卢照邻《
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战城南》
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曹植《
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仙人篇》
李益简介
唐代·李益的简介
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李益(约750—约830)， 唐代诗人，字君虞，祖籍凉州姑臧（今甘肃武威市凉州区），后迁河南郑州。大历四年(769)进士，初任郑县尉，久不得升迁，建中四年(783)登书判拔萃科。因仕途失意，后弃官在燕赵一带漫游。以边塞诗作名世，擅长绝句，尤其工于七绝。
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