南乡子·题南剑州妓馆
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宋代]：潘牥
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生怕倚阑干，阁下溪声阁外山。惟有旧时山共水，依然，暮雨朝云去不还。
应是蹑飞鸾，月下时时整佩环。月又渐低霜又下，更阑，折得梅花独自看。
南乡子·题南剑州妓馆译文及注释
译文
我生怕独自凭倚栏杆，因为阁下是潺潺的溪水，阁外是碧绿的青山。唯有这旧日的山水面目依然，她却像暮雨朝云般一去而不再回还。
她应该化作仙女骑着飞鸾，在明月下时时整理衣衫佩环。露冷霜降，月儿渐渐低转，夜寂更阑，我折下一枝梅花。独自仔细欣赏观看。
注释
南乡子：词牌名，又名《好离乡》《蕉叶怨》，双调五十六字，上下片各四平韵。
南剑州：今福建南平。
阑干：栏杆。
山共水：指山和水。
暮雨朝云：代指男欢女爱。
蹑飞鸾：乘坐飞鸾。
整佩环：整理衣裳佩环。佩环，古代妇女的配饰。
更阑：指更阑：指天将亮之时。
参考资料：
1、傅德岷．唐宋词三百首鉴赏辞典：长江出版社，2008：377-378
2、毕宝魁．宋词三百首译注评：现代出版社，2014：309-310
3、唐圭璋．宋词三百首笺注：人民文学出版社，2013：288-289
4、沙灵娜．宋词三百首全译：贵州人民出版社，2008：442
南乡子·题南剑州妓馆创作背景
登进士第名列第三的福建才子潘牥，擅长诗词，也贪恋风月，这首词无疑是一个很好的佐证。词人当年定然较长时间地游冶于这家南剑州妓馆。今朝旧地重来，物是人非，自然不免触目伤怀，于是情不自禁地提笔在那粉墙上题写了这样的诗篇。
参考资料：
1、贺新辉．全宋词鉴赏辞典 第十卷：中国妇女出版社，1992：160-161
2、唐圭璋．唐宋词鉴赏辞典：上海辞书出版社，1988：2058-2059
南乡子·题南剑州妓馆鉴赏
这首词是为重访旧地怀思之作，是为一个已经远离，寻访无着的歌妓所写，抒发了词人对歌妓的留恋与怅惘之情。此词虽是为歌妓所写，却并没有丝毫轻薄亵渎之意，而是以委婉深切的情感，展现了词人的一片留恋之情。
上片写景抒怀，抒发了作者故地重游、人去楼空的感慨。“生怕倚阑干，阁下溪声阁外山。”写重到南剑妓馆寻访所恋的妓女，可惜她已经“去不还”了。作者心中自然十分沉重，所以他生怕独自倚栏。“生怕”二句写怕见旧时山水，道出作者摆不脱、撇不下的相思旧情，点明内心的矛盾。“阁下溪声闻外山”写昔日曾与伊人朝暮共赏的阁外山水，令人黯然伤神。“惟有旧时山共水，依然，暮雨朝云去不还。”楼下的溪流依然，楼外的青山依然，惟独不见了所爱的人，这山水再美，也失去了它们原有的光彩。留给作者的，只有睹物思人的缕缕情愁了。“旧时山共水”，照应前文“溪声”、“山”。继而笔锋一转，“依然”两字一顿，恰如眼含热泪的悲怆的呜咽声。“暮雨朝云去不还”，再度强调物是人非，佳人难寻，胸中郁结难平，其感可想而知。
下片是写作者因思念而产生的幻觉，表示怀念之深，流露出孤独之感。“应是蹑飞鸾，月下时时整佩环。”由现实进入虚幻，既然她已经不在人世，尚在人间的情侣惟愿她过得比生前更美好。作者因之想像她已经飞升成仙乘鸾凤飞升，她的美丽化成了永恒。“月下时时整佩环”，词人徘徊阁台，久久不愿离去，似乎在等待着那环佩叮咚的声音传来，盼她来跟自己共叙离别之苦，思念之情。“月又”三句回至眼前，写词人独居空阁，一夜无眠。此处连用两个“又”字，写尽心中凄凉况味，道出了死别的无情现实。“月又渐低霜又下，更阑，折得梅花独自看。”他久久地回忆着女子的音容笑貌，乃至夜深仍不能成眠。他摘了一朵梅花把玩不已，在作者眼中，这朵梅花就是女子美丽的面庞，就是女子冰清玉洁的灵魂，欣赏着梅花，就如同与她重相聚首，是苦是甜，只有作者自己知道。“折得梅花独自看”这句可以说是点睛之笔，此处化用姜夔《疏影》词中王昭君精魂月夜归来化作梅花的意境，折一枝梅花并且把它当做是恋人的精魂，以便慰藉一下自己相思若渴的心。这里将词人哀苦痴情、痴恋与深哀交织的悲怆、凄艳的情怀展现得淋漓尽致。万千思绪，皆从这“独自看”三字中传出。
这首词虽为小令，却有许多婉转之处，步步转折，一步一态，结句中又写主人公于霜月之夜折梅自看而无谁可寄的情景，暗藏许多委婉曲折，哀感无限，凄切动人，韵味深远，真可谓“语尽而意不尽，意尽而情尽”。
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贾岛《
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寄朱锡珪》
潘牥简介
唐代·潘牥的简介
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潘牥（fāng）（1204——1246）字庭坚，号紫岩，初名公筠，避理宗讳改，福州富沙（今属福建）人。端平二年（1235）进士第三名，调镇南军节度推官、衢州推官，皆未上。历浙西茶盐司干官，改宣教郎，除太学正，旬日出通判潭州。淳祐六年卒于官，年四十三。有《紫岩集》，已佚。刘克庄为撰墓志铭。《宋史》、《南宋书》有传。赵万里《校辑宋金元人词》辑有《紫岩词》一卷。存词5首。
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