鹧鸪天·欲上高楼去避愁
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宋代]:辛弃疾
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欲上高楼去避愁,愁还随我上高楼。经行几处江山改,多少亲朋尽白头。
归休去,去归休。不成人总要封侯?浮云出处元无定,得似浮云也自由。
鹧鸪天·欲上高楼去避愁译文及注释
译文
心想到高楼上观看美景躲避忧愁,忧愁还是跟着我上了高楼。我走过好几个地方江山都已面目全非,许许多多亲戚好友都已白了头。
回家退休吧,回到家中去退休。难道个个都要到边塞去立功封侯?浮云飘去飘来本来没有固定之处,我能够像浮云那样随心来去,该有多么自由。
注释
鹧鸪天:词牌名,又名《思佳客》,双调,五十五字,上、下片各三平韵。
经行:经过。
白头:头发变花白。
归休去:退休、致仕。去,语助词。
不成:反诘词,难道。
出处:指出仕与隐处,做官与退隐。元:同“原”。
得似:真是,宋元问人口语。
参考资料:
1、关永礼.白话宋词精华:哈尔滨出版社,1992:361
2、王延梯.辛弃疾词选:山东大学出版社,1999:218
3、郑竹青.中华诗词经典 第四卷:学习出版社,2011:2809
鹧鸪天·欲上高楼去避愁创作背景
这首诗具体创作年代无从得知。从词意上推断,此词可能是作于词人久经官场生涯的中年以后。在长久的官场生涯中,作者看透了其间尔虞我诈的种种现实。在仕宦与归隐的得失之间,他思之筹之,不得要领,因而愁绪百结,久不能脱。词人最终思考的结果是,自由自在的生活。这首词即是在这样的背景下创作的。
参考资料:
1、关永礼.白话宋词精华:哈尔滨出版社,1992:361
2、叶嘉莹.辛弃疾词新释辑评:中国书店,2006:864-865
鹧鸪天·欲上高楼去避愁鉴赏
上片主要抒发时光易逝的愁恨。起韵一笔包举,总言忧愁的难以摆脱,为下文分别诉说时光易逝之愁与功业难成之愁预留了地步。在这里,词人“天真地”想通过上楼登高来摆脱令他难以忍受又无法回避的忧愁的想法,本身就充满了奇趣,而他感到忧愁如有脚、又随他上楼的想法就更是奇中之奇。在表达上,化不可见的抽象之愁为有可以触碰与回避的有形之物,深得以形象写抽象的生动趣味,同时,“欲上······愁还”的传情方法,又为文气增加了转折跌宕的灵活之趣。接韵具体表明他所忧愁的内容,是自然也在变迁、亲朋也在衰老白头的时间不居之恨。“几处”与“多少”的限定,空处传神,包揽无限,写出了自然变迁和人生衰老之多简直无法据实计算的大愁苦。这种对于时光易逝的忧愁,是词人“时间意识”觉醒的表现,而“时间意识”又是与人对于存在的反思与觉悟有关的,是一种看似脆弱,其实深刻的对于生命虚无的体验,值得注意的是,词人产生这样深刻的生命虚无的痛苦,不是来自于单纯的哲学思考,而是由非常具体而强烈的生命体验所导致的。
于是,过片再进一层,揭示了导致其时间之愁的更直接的愁苦即功业难成之愁。他以感情强烈的语言反复其意与反问自己:说归去吧,还是归去吧,难道人一定要到封侯才肯罢休不成?意谓自己不必要等到做成封侯的功业才可归隐。实际上,它传达出了词人无法作成可封侯的大功业的愁苦。这样,上下片就由这两种愁苦在文理上连成浑然的一体。结韵进而揭出使自己产生时光易逝之愁与功业难成之愁的具体触机,是那种恍若浮云一样到处漂泊的游宦生涯。然后他再转过一层,巧妙运用“浮云”一词的双重比喻意义为自己下了这一转语,如果能像浮云一样逍遥自在也很自由。这样的转语,泄露了他“游宦成羁旅”的生命不自由的痛感。
这首词在表情达意上,采用层层剥笋的见心法,由愁一时间之愁一功业难成之愁一游宦成羁旅之愁,这样就由远而近,填充了越来越具体的生命痛苦:通过他的“剥笋”法抒情,越来越清晰地表现了他愁苦的来处。其总体艺术风貌是,感情浓郁,措意生动,文理自然而兼变化之趣。此外,因为暗喻的巧妙运用,这首词显示了深厚的韵味。
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发潭州》
辛弃疾简介
唐代·辛弃疾的简介
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辛弃疾(1140-1207),南宋词人。原字坦夫,改字幼安,别号稼轩,汉族,历城(今山东济南)人。出生时,中原已为金兵所占。21岁参加抗金义军,不久归南宋。历任湖北、江西、湖南、福建、浙东安抚使等职。一生力主抗金。曾上《美芹十论》与《九议》,条陈战守之策。其词抒写力图恢复国家统一的爱国热情,倾诉壮志难酬的悲愤,对当时执政者的屈辱求和颇多谴责;也有不少吟咏祖国河山的作品。题材广阔又善化用前人典故入词,风格沉雄豪迈又不乏细腻柔媚之处。由于辛弃疾的抗金主张与当政的主和派政见不合,后被弹劾落职,退隐江西带湖。
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