青玉案·吊古
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清代]：徐灿
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伤心误到芜城路，携血泪，无挥处。半月模糊霜几树。紫箫低远，翠翘明灭，隐隐羊车度。
鲸波碧浸横江锁，故垒萧萧芦荻浦。烟水不知人事错。戈船千里，降帆一片，莫怨莲花步。
青玉案·吊古鉴赏
“吊古”是古典文学中的常见题材，但值得注意的是，其中几乎又没有纯粹的“吊古”。绝大多数吊古的文字都是“借力打力”，真实目的在于“伤今”。徐灿身际乱世，这首《青玉案》中“伤今”之意尤其明显，其中的“芜城”、“伤心”、“血泪”、“人事错”等字样饱蕴沧桑。这首词应注意两点：第一，词中的“芜城”指扬州，有鲍照传世名篇《芜城赋》可以为证。从“羊车”典故（《晋书·后妃上》：“（晋武帝）常乘羊车，恣其所之，至便宴寝。GREn/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>宫人乃取竹叶插户，以盐汁洒地，而引帝车。”）、“横江锁”典故（晋武帝时，王濬水军东下平吴，吴人在西塞山横江装设铁锁阻挡船舰）及化用刘禹锡《西塞山怀古》诗意来看，主要又凭吊金陵。扬州为长江天堑之门户，史可法守城失败后，发生了惨绝人寰的“扬州十日”屠城事件，而南京又为明初都城和为南明弘光政权首都，在明清之际是牵动人心的两处“要穴”。所以，徐灿的“吊古”就格外具有着“当下性”，从而引起知识群体血泪交迸的同感，自然也就“为世传诵”（张德瀛《词徵》）。
第二，单只题材选择的得当尚不足以令这首词成为一首名作，其成功的奥秘还在于作者交织多种意象、笔法，构建出绮丽而沉郁、细腻而大气的多元审美境界。简单说来，词上片以婉约伤感为主，而“芜城”、“半月模糊”等意象又颇沉挚开阔；下片铸语沉雄，情致悲郁，“烟月”、“莲花步”之点染又见出细腻深邃的历史情怀，因而别具一种撼人的力度。倪一擎《续名媛词话》评价此词“跌宕沉雄”、“不似绣箔中人语”也应该是着眼于此的。
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韩愈《
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醉留东野》
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高适《
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别董大二首·其二》
徐灿简介
唐代·徐灿的简介
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徐灿（约1618－1698），字湘苹，又字明深、明霞，号深明，又号紫言（竹字头）。江南吴县（今苏州市西南）人。明末清初女词人、诗人、书画家，为“蕉园五子”之一。光禄丞徐子懋女，弘文院大学士海宁陈之遴继妻。从夫宦游，封一品夫人。工诗，尤长于词学。她的词多抒发故国之思、兴亡之感。又善属文、精书画、所画仕女设色淡雅、笔法古秀、工净有度、得北宋人法，晚年画水墨观音、间作花草。著有《拙政园诗馀》三卷，诗集《拙政园诗集》二卷，凡诗二百四十六首，今皆存。
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