闻都城渴雨时苦摊税
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明代]：汤显祖
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五风十雨亦为褒，薄夜焚香沾御袍。
当知雨亦愁抽税，笑语江南申渐高。
闻都城渴雨时苦摊税译文及注释
译文
风调雨顺本是上苍的褒奖，可如今难得一见哪！每到夜晚，皇帝都要焚香祷告，祈求风凋雨顺，香烟阵阵沾染着龙袍。
皇上您也应当知道，雨不下来，是雨也害怕而今的捐税呀！当年的申渐高不就笑着这样给他的主子解释过这种现象吗？
注释
都城：京城，指北京。渴雨：干旱无雨。摊税：摊派税赋。
五风十雨：五日一风，十日一雨，指风调雨顺。汉代阴阳家以为“五日一风，十日一雨”，是太平的征象。语出汉王充《论衡·星应》：“风不鸣条，雨不破块，五日一风，十日一雨。”褒（bāo）：赞美言词。
薄夜：傍晚；夜初。薄：迫近。御袍：皇帝的龙袍。
参考资料：
1、季镇淮 等．历代诗歌选（下册）．北京：中国青年出版社，2013：260
2、葛 杰．绝句三百首．上海：上海古籍出版社，1980：211
3、周啸天．元明清名诗鉴赏．成都：四川人民出版社，2001：441
闻都城渴雨时苦摊税创作背景
明神宗万历二十六年（1598年）初夏，京畿大旱，神宗皇帝依历代旧制在宫中露天焚香祈雨，一批帮闲文人到处宣扬天子的美德。而当时长江中下游和东南沿海广大市民正纷起反对明王朝的苛捐杂税。其时，汤显祖刚弃官归隐，目睹这一闹剧，愤而写下了这首政治讽刺诗。
参考资料：
1、黎兴 等．历代诗词选注：华夏正气篇．合肥：安徽人民出版社，1982：262
闻都城渴雨时苦摊税鉴赏
《闻都城渴雨时苦摊税》是一首政治讽刺诗，诗歌巧妙用典，寓庄于谐，以轻松幽默之笔，写忧民之心。
首句“五风十雨亦为褒”，用语含蓄，谓五风十雨原是古代对政绩的一种褒美之辞，如今“都城渴雨”，则政绩无由得见。言外之意，而今大旱是上苍对朝政混乱的怪罪。
次句“薄夜焚香沾御袍”承首句，写神宗皇帝祈雨时的情景，皇帝夜间焚香祈雨，以致龙袍上都沾满了露水。乍看对神宗有赞美之意，诗人似乎是在恭维神宗皇帝，其实只是诗人欲抑先扬，明褒实贬的手法而已，诗人的揶揄之意十分明显。
三四句笔锋陡转，引用典故，诗人借用申渐高的故事进一步讥评时弊，对神宗皇帝的祈雨进行了嘲讽。申渐高是五代时吴国乐工，当时关税很重，商人苦之，正逢都城大旱，中书令徐知诰问左右：“近郊颇得雨，都城不雨何也？”申渐高作谐语答曰：“雨畏抽税，不敢入京耳。”皇帝应该明白，雨也害怕抽税，一方面是装模作样，惺惺作态地薄夜焚香，另一方面却又巧立名目，对人民苛捐重税盘剥，横征暴敛，搜刮民脂民膏，显得是十分滑稽可笑。这正说明了上层统治集团的虚伪和无耻。神宗祈雨的虚伪，至此被揭露无遗。
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汤显祖简介
唐代·汤显祖的简介
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汤显祖（1550—1616），中国明代戏曲家、文学家。字义仍，号海若、若士、清远道人。汉族，江西临川人。公元1583年（万历十一年）中进士，任太常寺博士、礼部主事，因弹劾申时行，降为徐闻典史，后调任浙江遂昌知县，又因不附权贵而免官，未再出仕。曾从罗汝芳读书，又受李贽思想的影响。在戏曲创作方面，反对拟古和拘泥于格律。作有传奇《牡丹亭》、《邯郸记》、《南柯记》、《紫钗记》，合称《玉茗堂四梦》，以《牡丹亭》最著名。在戏曲史上，和关汉卿、王实甫齐名，在中国乃至世界文学史上都有着重要的地位。
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