北来人
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宋代]:刘克庄
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十口同离仳,今成独雁飞。
饥锄荒寺菜,贫着陷蕃衣。
甲第歌钟沸,沙场探骑稀。
老身闽地死,不见翠銮归。
北来人译文及注释
译文
十口之家一起分散离开,如今只剩我如孤雁南飞。
在荒废的寺庙里种菜充饥,生活贫苦还穿着当年沦陷时的旧衣。
豪华的府第里歌声钟声腾沸,战场上很少有探骑来回。
我就这样老死在福建,见不到皇上的车驾回归。
注释
离仳(pǐ):离别。
独雁飞:因与家人失散,成了失群孤雁。
老身:北来人自指。闽:福建的简称。
翠銮(luán):皇帝的车驾。
北来人创作背景
南宋后期,政治更加黑暗,统治者以“岁币”换苟安,忘记了论陷多年的大好河山。诗人于是写下这组诗以抒悲愤。
参考资料:
1、霍松林著.宋诗举要:安徽师范大学出版社,2015.06:第400-401页
北来人鉴赏
这是一个从北方、从金人统治下南逃的人,怀着沉痛的心情,诉说故都及其附近荒凉景况和自己的悲惨经历。诗歌通篇都是这位“北来人”说的话,诗人没有出面铺叙事件、描绘场景,也没有穿插任何评判的语言,而诗人的思想感情完全可从北来人的叙述中体会出来。这样的叙事诗,显然是从杜甫“三吏”、“三别”一类的诗化出。这两首五律,记录了一个从金人统治的北方南逃的人的血泪控诉。
第一首描述北宋都城汴梁被占后的状况。开头“试说”二字含义深婉,隐约透露主人公不愿说、不忍说的悲抑心境。从而表明他的诉说是应别人的要求,不得已而为之的。这样,一箭双雕,写说者也就写了听者。听者身居东南,心里却老是惦记着北方的骨肉同胞,急欲知道他们的近况;对于故都汴梁,更是魂牵梦萦,一往情深。面对这样的问讯者,“北来人”诉说着,带着撕心裂肺的痛苦,以致白发频添,忧伤至极。接着正面写东都,交代忧伤的原因。宫殿、铜驼,是都城内的景物,石马是北宋诸帝陵园中的景物。然而,陵园内的石马已残破不堪,长眠于此的北宋诸帝死后还要蒙受亡国之耻。官门外的铜驼倾倒在荒烟蔓草之中,回忆昔日的繁华景象,亡国之痛和身世之悲一齐涌上心头,不禁泣下如雨。诗人选用这些最富特征的事物,涂以想象的浓烈色彩,对人于金人之手的都城面貌进行了艺术概括,用笔简洁而境界全出。“寝园残石马,废殿泣铜驼”,上句一个“残”字显示了陵园的悲惨变化;下句一个“泣”字则寄托了京都居民的哀痛,彼此映照,情景相生,感慨万千,低回不已。故都虽已残破不堪,而遗民的复国信念却始终没有动摇过,以致把边境传来的于南宋不利的消息,当作谣言,不愿听信。那些旧日京师的妇女,如今虽已素发飘萧,境况凄凉,但衣着妆束仍是当年模样。故国之思,终未消歇。
第二首由“北来人”介绍自己南逃的际遇和感触。一家十口同时离开北方,为的是过上安稳日子。不料频罹祸患,亲人相继丧生,如今独自一人,伶仃孤苦,犹如失群的孤雁,竟至无处栖身,被迫寄宿荒凉的寺院,吃的是自家种的蔬菜,穿的还是从中原带来的金人服装。个人的遭遇已然不堪忍受,国家的境况更加令人沮丧。南来以后看不到卧薪尝胆、秣马厉兵的图强之举,那些深院大宅里的当权者,整日歌舞宴乐,不问边情,不忧国事,长此以往,恐怕连偏安的局势也难维持,收复失地更是遥遥无期。“老身闽地死,不见翠銮归!”结语哀痛绝望。
此诗在表达上有三个特点,其一是诗人不转述中间环节,让主人公直接面对读者说话,这样,读者便会感到诗中所陈都是诉说者的亲身所历,语语发自肺腑。其二是运用对比的手法,以中原遗民思念故国与南宋小朝廷权贵歌舞升平相对比,褒贬之意不言而喻。其三是以叙事代替抒情。诗中也有直接抒情的语言,如开头的“试说东都事,添人白发多”和结尾的“老身闽地死,不见翠銮归”等,但纵观全篇,叙事是其基本手段,从东都说到南国,依次点染,脉络分明,其中提到的人和事都具有某种典型性,融汇成一体,寄托着诗人忧国忧民的深长情意。总之,这两首诗注重写实,却不失之板滞,原因在于以情疏导,质朴之外,更见自然流动,颇能体现诗人自己的风格。
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刘克庄《
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北来人》
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贯休《
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古离别》
刘克庄简介
唐代·刘克庄的简介
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刘克庄(1187~1269) 南宋诗人、词人、诗论家。字潜夫,号后村。福建莆田人。宋末文坛领袖,辛派词人的重要代表,词风豪迈慷慨。在江湖诗人中年寿最长,官位最高,成就也最大。晚年致力于辞赋创作,提出了许多革新理论。
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