苦寒行
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两汉]：曹操
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北上太行山，艰哉何巍巍！
羊肠坂诘屈，车轮为之摧。
熊罴对我蹲，虎豹夹路啼。
延颈长叹息，远行多所怀。
我心何怫郁，思欲一东归。
水深桥梁绝，中路正徘徊。
迷惑失故路，薄暮无宿栖。
行行日已远，人马同时饥。
担囊行取薪，斧冰持作糜。
悲彼《东山》诗，悠悠使我哀。
苦寒行译文及注释
译文
北征登上太行山，山高岭峻多艰难！
羊肠坂路真崎岖，一路颠簸车轮断。
风吹树木声萧萧，北风呼啸发悲号。
熊罴当路面对我蹲坐，虎豹夹道发威狂嚎叫。
溪谷荒凉人烟少，大雪纷纷漫天飘。
抬头远望长声叹息，长途跋涉思绪如潮。
我心郁郁多么愁闷，真想东归返回故乡。
水深桥断难前进，大军徘徊半路上。
行军迷路失方向，傍晚还没有住宿的地方。
走啊走啊日久远，人疲马乏又渴又饥。
担着行囊边走边砍柴，凿冰煮粥充饥肠。
想起那篇《东山》诗，深深触动我的哀伤。
注释
太行山：绵延于山西、河北、河南三省交界处的大山脉。
何：多么。与下文“雪落何霏霏”之“何”意同。巍巍：高耸的样子。
羊肠坂（bǎn）：地名，在壶关（今山西长治县东南）东南，以坂道盘旋弯曲如羊肠而得名。坂：斜坡。诘屈：曲折盘旋。
摧：毁坏、折断。
罴（pí）：熊的一种，又叫马熊或人熊。
溪谷：山中低洼有水处。山中居民往往聚居溪谷，此处说“少人民”，言山中人烟稀少。
霏霏：雪下得很盛的样子。
延颈：伸长脖子（远眺）。
怀：怀恋，心事。
怫（fú）郁：愁闷不安。
东归：指归故乡谯郡。作者谯（今安徽亳县）人，在太行之东，故云“一东归”。
绝：断。
中路：中途。
薄暮：黄昏。
担囊：挑着行李。行取薪：边走边拾柴。
斧冰：以斧凿冰取水。糜（mí）：稀粥。
《东山》：《诗经》篇名。据毛序，本篇为周公东征，战士离乡三年，在归途中思念家乡而作。
悠悠：忧思绵长的样子。
参考资料：
1、王运熙 王国安．国学经典导读 乐府诗集．北京市：中国国际广播出版社，2011年：227-228页
2、章培恒 安平秋 马樟根．古代文史名著选译丛书 三曹诗选译 ．南京市：凤凰出版社，2011年：24-25页
苦寒行创作背景
这首诗是建安十一年（206年）春，曹操亲征高干途中于鞍马间作成的。建安九年（公元204年）时，高干因慑于曹操的武力而归降，次年又趁曹操北征乌桓之机，举兵反叛盘踞壶关口。为了平定北方，彻底铲除袁绍势力，曹操带着连年征战的疲劳，翻越巍峨险峻的太行山，又率师北上作战。
参考资料：
1、周蒙 冯宇．韵语品汇 古典诗词名篇鉴赏集．哈尔滨市：黑龙江人民出版社，2008年：149-151页
苦寒行鉴赏
206年，曹操率兵亲征高干，途中经过太行山著名的羊肠坂道，写下了这首诗，其格调古直悲凉，回荡着一股沉郁之气。这首诗感情真挚，直抒胸臆，毫不矫情作态。诗人在诗中用质朴无华的笔触描述了委曲如肠的坂道、风雪交加的征途、食宿无依的困境。对于艰难的军旅生活所引起的厌倦思乡情绪，诗人也做了如实的记录。更感人的是，尽管作为军事统帅，诗人在这里却没有强作英豪之态，而是赤裸裸地写出当时在那种环境下的内心波动，直露的笔触把诗人的内心世界呈现出来，以其真诚而扣动着读者的心弦。
诗以“艰哉何巍巍”总领全篇，通过征途所见突出一个“艰”字。“树木何萧瑟，北风声正悲”二句为全诗奠定了萧瑟悲凉的基调，使诗笼罩在一片凄哀险恶的气氛中。为了进一步渲染凄哀险恶的气氛，诗人又以羊肠小路、恐怖战栗的熊吼虎叫、罕无人迹的漫漫大雪等物象感叹行军的艰难。以此为铺垫，顺势提出“思欲一东归”的念想。末二句并写两面，一写诗人同情长期征战的战士，渴望战争结束、实现统一的心情；一写诗人以周公自比，排除万难、取得征讨胜利的决心。整个诗歌弥漫着悲凉之气，抒情真挚感人。
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于谦《
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上太行山》
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曹操《
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苦寒行》
曹操简介
唐代·曹操的简介
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曹操（155年－220年正月庚子），字孟德，一名吉利，小字阿瞒，沛国谯（今安徽亳州）人，汉族。东汉末年杰出的政治家、军事家、文学家、书法家。三国中曹魏政权的缔造者，其子曹丕称帝后，追尊为武皇帝，庙号太祖。曹操精兵法，善诗歌，抒发自己的政治抱负，并反映汉末人民的苦难生活，气魄雄伟，慷慨悲凉；散文亦清峻整洁，开启并繁荣了建安文学，给后人留下了宝贵的精神财富，史称建安风骨，鲁迅评价其为“改造文章的祖师”。同时曹操也擅长书法，尤工章草，唐朝张怀瓘在《书断》中评其为“妙品”。
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